Showing posts with label LTE Basics. Show all posts
Showing posts with label LTE Basics. Show all posts

Monday, April 21, 2014

Carrier Aggregation: UE Capability


To configure Carrier Aggregation, Network send Secondary Cell (SCell) configuration to only those UEs which are release 10 and support Carrier Aggregation. Otherwise, UE wouldn't be able to process the SCell configuration from the network and abnormal things will happen. Also, network should be aware of for which all band combinations CA can be configured i.e. which band's cell should be used for SCell.

Now question here is, how would network know if UE is supporting Carrier Aggregation or not and if supporting, which all band combinations can be used for CA?? The answer is UECapabilityInformation Message. During Lte Registration procedure, UE reports detailed Carrier Aggregation (CA) capability in UECapabilityInfomration Message. Please refer the following MSC:


3GPP References
As per spec 36,331, UECapabilityInformation has following release 10 IEs:

Friday, August 3, 2012

RRM functions


Radio Bearer Control (RBC)

The establishment, maintenance and release of Radio Bearers involve the configuration of radio resources associated with them. When setting up a radio bearer for a service, radio bearer control (RBC) takes into account the overall resource situation in E-UTRAN, the QoS requirements of in-progress sessions and the QoS requirement for the new service. RBC is also concerned with the maintenance of radio bearers of in-progress sessions at the change of the radio resource situation due to mobility or other reasons. RBC is involved in the release of radio resources associated with radio bearers at session termination, handover or at other occasions. RBC is located in the eNB.

Radio Admission Control (RAC)

The task of radio admission control (RAC) is to admit or reject the establishment requests for new radio bearers. In order to do this, RAC takes into account the overall resource situation in E-UTRAN, the QoS requirements, the priority levels and the provided QoS of in-progress sessions and the QoS requirement of the new radio bearer request. The goal of RAC is to ensure high radio resource utilization (by accepting radio bearer requests as long as radio resources available) and at the same time to ensure proper QoS for in-progress sessions (by rejecting radio bearer requests when they cannot be accommodated). RAC is located in the eNB.

Connection Mobility Control (CMC)

Connection mobility control (CMC) is concerned with the management of radio resources in connection with idle or connected mode mobility. In idle mode, the cell reselection algorithms are controlled by setting of parameters (thresholds and hysteresis values) that define the best cell and/or determine when the UE should select a new cell.

Also, E-UTRAN broadcasts parameters that configure the UE measurement and reporting procedures. In connected mode, the mobility of radio connections has to be supported. Handover decisions may be based on UE and eNB measurements. In addition, handover decisions may take other inputs, such as neighbour cell load, traffic distribution, transport and hardware resources and Operator defined policies into account. CMC is located in the eNB.

Dynamic Resource Allocation (DRA) - Packet Scheduling (PS)

The task of dynamic resource allocation (DRA) or packet scheduling (PS) is to allocate and de-allocate resources (including buffer and processing resources and resource blocks (i.e. chunks)) to user and control plane packets. DRA involves several sub-tasks, including the selection of radio bearers whose packets are to be scheduled and managing the necessary resources (e.g. the power levels or the specific resource blocks used). PS typically takes into account the QoS requirements associated with the radio bearers, the channel quality information for UEs, buffer status, interference situation, etc. DRA may also take into account restrictions or preferences on some of the available resource blocks or resource block sets due to inter-cell interference coordination considerations. DRA is located in the eNB.

Inter-cell Interference Coordination (ICIC)

Inter-cell interference coordination has the task to manage radio resources such that inter-cell interference is kept under control. ICIC mechanism includes a frequency domain component and time domain component. ICIC is inherently a multi-cell RRM function that needs to take into account information (e.g. the resource usage status and traffic load situation) from multiple cells. The preferred ICIC method may be different in the uplink and downlink. The frequency domain ICIC manages radio resource, notably the radio resource blocks.

For the time domain ICIC, Almost Blank Subframes (ABSs) are used to protect resources receiving strong inter-cell interference. MBSFN subframes can be used for time domain ICIC when they are also included in ABS patterns. The eNB cannot configure MBSFN subframes [4] as ABSs when these MBSFN subframes are used for other usages (e.g., MBMS, LCS). ICIC is located in the eNB.

Friday, July 27, 2012

eNB Functionalities



  • Functions for Radio Resource Management: Radio Bearer Control, Radio Admission Control, Connection Mobility Control, Dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in both uplink and downlink (scheduling)
  • IP header compression and encryption of user data stream
  • Selection of an MME at UE attachment when no routing to an MME can be determined from the information provided by the UE
  • Routing of User Plane data towards Serving Gateway
  • Scheduling and transmission of paging messages (originated from the MME)
  • Scheduling and transmission of broadcast information (originated from the MME or O&M)
  • Measurement and measurement reporting configuration for mobility and scheduling
  • Scheduling and transmission of PWS (which includes ETWS and CMAS) messages (originated from the MME).

Tuesday, July 24, 2012

What are Femtocells?


In telecommunications, a femtocell is a small, low-power cellular base station, typically designed for use in a home or small business. It connects to the service provider’s network via broadband (such as DSL or cable); current designs typically support two to four active mobile phones in a residential setting, and eight to 16 active mobile phones in enterprise settings. A femtocell allows service providers to extend service coverage indoors or at the 
cell edge, especially where access would otherwise be limited or unavailable. Although much attention is focused on WCDMA, the concept is applicable to all standards, including GSM, CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA, WiMAX and LTE solutions.

Femtocells have an output power less than 0.1 Watt, similar to other wireless home network equipment, and will typically allow up to about 4 simultaneous calls/data sessions at any time. Mobile phones connected to a femtocell will typically operate at levels similar to other wireless phones used in the home.

Femto cells or femtocells are small cellular telecommunications base stations that can be installed in residential or business environments either as single stand-alone items or in clusters to provide improved cellular coverage within a building. It is widely known that cellular coverage, especially for data transmission where good signal strengths are needed is not as good within buildings. By using a small internal base station - femtocell (femto
cell), the cellular performance can be improved along with the possible provision of additional services.

In 3GPP terminology, a Home NodeB (HNB) is a 3G femtocell. A Home eNodeB (HeNB) is an LTE femtocell.

Typically the range of a microcell is less than two kilometers wide, a picocell is 200 meters or less, and a femtocell is on the order of 10 meters, although AT&T calls its product, with a range of 40 feet (12 m), a "microcell".

Saturday, July 21, 2012

What is EVM?

EVM stands for Error Vector Magnitude. According to 3GPP TS 36.101 (eNB Rx) and 36.104 (UE Rx) section 6.5.2, the EVM measures the difference between the reference waveform and the measured waveform. The EVM is calculated after the FFT (UE Rx) or IDFT (eNB Rx) as the square root of the ratio of the mean vector power to the mean reference power given in %. The EVM formula is given in TS 36.101, annex F2 (eNB Rx) and TS 36.104, annex E2 (UE Rx).

Friday, July 20, 2012

How a UE knows which PDCCH part to listen in LTE?

UE knows which PDCCH part to listen from the RRC configuration (for dedicated resources). For the initial connection and broadcasted info the UE uses predefined PDCCH configuration and the one obtained from System Information.

Wednesday, July 11, 2012

Is LTE require in Telecom?

If you have question in your mind on LTE requirement in Telecom than this is the right read for you.

Higher data rates: Obviously this is a general requirement requested from any new system.

Quality of service, Lower delay: To enable true convergence between real-time and non-real-time services quality of service awareness is of absolute importance. This must already be paid attention to during the design of the physical layer. So LTE/EPC will be QoS aware from the very beginning on and not have QoS as an add-on, which is usually not very efficient.
Expected New Spectrum allocation: It is expected to get some new frequency bands assigned to 3G. LTE should be ready to use these bands.
Flexible Bandwidth usage: LTE should be able to deal with frequency bands of different size. So a fixed bandwidth ultra-wideband system is not of big use. Rather LTE should be able to scale the frequency requirements dependent on the operator’s choice.
Reduced Terminal Complexity: 3G terminals are very complex and thus suffer often from poor performance due to hardware limitations and very often also software limitations (or bugs). LTE terminals should have essentially lower complexity. This would also offer the possibility to implement other performance enhancement techniques later on.
These points result in a long list of requirements for LTE/EPC. So 3GPP/ETSI
demand to have downlink bit rates of greater than 100 Mbps and uplink bit rates of 50 Mbps. Of high importance is also to increase the cell edge bit rates compared to HSPA.

Monday, July 9, 2012

Air Interface Characteristics

Air Interface Characteristics




Air Interface Characteristics
Air Interface Characteristics

  • OFDMA (DL) and SC-FDMA ( UL)
  • TDD/FDD/H-FDD
  • Several Frequency Bands (Ex: 700 to 2500 MHz)
  • Two Radio Frame Structures (Type 1 for FDD,Type 2 TDD)
  • Numerous Multiple Antenna Techniques
  • Scalable Bandwidth (1 4 3 5 10 15 & 20MHz)